North Carolina

Congressional & Legislative

Primary Authority: North Carolina General Assembly draws and enacts congressional and legislative plans. The Governor cannot veto the plans.

Mapping Timeline: There is no deadline specified for congressional plans. Legislative plans must be enacted by the end of the 1st legislative session following the return of decennial census results. [N.C. Const. art. II, §§ 3, 5]

Redistricting Criteria:

• Congressional: None.
• Legislative: As nearly equal in population as may be; Contiguous; Minimize divisions of counties. [N.C. Const. art. II, §§ 3, 5]

Map Challenges: Filed in the Wake County Superior Court and heard by a 3-judge panel. The Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court appoints one superior court judge from the 1st or 2nd judicial division, one from the 3rd or 4th judicial division, and one from the 5th judicial division. No member of the panel may be a former member of the General Assembly.

If a plan is invalidated by the court, the General Assembly must be given an opportunity to remedy the defects specifically identified in the court’s decision. The General Assembly must be given at least 2 weeks to enact a remedial plan, provided however that if it is scheduled to convene legislative session within 45 days of the court’s order, the period of time may not be less than 2 weeks from the convening of the session. If they fail to enact a remedial plan, the court may impose an interim redistricting plan for use in the next general election only and that plan must only change the areas in which the court identified defects. [N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 1-267.1; 120-2.3; 120-2.4]

Ballot Measure & Referendum Processes

Types of Measures: Only the North Carolina General Assembly may refer amendments to the ballot. There is no initiative or referendum process. [N.C. Const. art. II, § 22; art. XIII]

Previous Redistricting Cycles

2010

• Congressional
  • Original Plan – SB 453
    • Passed = July 27, 2011 (R-controlled)
    • Signed = July 28, 2011
    • Preclearance = Granted on November 1, 2011
  • Second Plan – SB 689
    • Passed = November 7, 2011 (R-controlled)
    • Signed = November 7, 2011
    • Preclearance = Granted on November 8, 2011
  • Litigation History
    • Cooper v. Harris, 137 S.Ct. 1455 (2017): After the General Assembly enacted congressional plan SB 689, plaintiffs in two of the districts filed a federal lawsuit challenging those two districts as unconstitutional racial gerrymanders in violation of the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. On February 5, 2016, the district court struck down the two challenged districts as impermissible racial gerrymanders and ordered the plan be redrawn, and on May 22, 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the district court’s judgment.
      • Formerly Harris v. McCrory
      • Remedial Plan – SB 2
        • Passed = February 19, 2016 (R-controlled)
        • Signed = February 19, 2016
        • Used in 2016 and 2018 elections
    • Dickson v. Rucho, 766 S.E.2d 238 (N.C. 2014): A coalition of voters filed a lawsuit challenging the General Assembly’s enacted legislative and congressional redistricting plans on a number of federal and state constitutional and statutory grounds, including racial gerrymandering in violation of the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause and the Voting Rights Act. On July 8, 2013, the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of the defendants on all counts, finding that the General Assembly applied traditional and permissible redistricting principles to achieve a partisan advantage, and that no constitutional violations resulted. On December 19, 2014, the North Carolina Supreme Court found that the trial court erred when it applied strict scrutiny to the challenged districts prematurely but affirmed then ruling upholding the districts as they nonetheless survived review under that standard.
      • Vacated, 135 S.Ct. 1843 (2015): U.S. Supreme Court vacated and remanded case back to North Carolina Supreme Court for further consideration in light of Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama.
    • Dickson v. Rucho II, 781 S.E.2d 404 (N.C. 2015): On remand, the state Supreme Court reviewed the trial court’s judgment in accordance with the district-by-district analysis required by Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama. On December 18, 2015, the court again upheld the plans, finding that the challenged districts survived strict scrutiny and that the other districts were drawn with the predominant considerations being traditional and permissible redistricting principles.
      • Vacated, 137 S.Ct. 2186 (2017): U.S. Supreme Court vacated and remanded case back to North Carolina Supreme Court for further consideration in light of Cooper v. Harris.
    • Dickson v. Rucho III, No. 11-cvs-16896 (N.C. Super. Ct., Wake Cty. Feb. 12, 2018): After the U.S. Supreme Court’s second remand order, the state Supreme Court further remanded this case back to the state trial court to decide whether the plaintiffs’ claims had been mooted following the federal court rulings in Cooper v. Harris and North Carolina v. Covington and the subsequently enacted remedial plans. On February 12, 2018, the trial court granted summary judgment for the plaintiffs as to their challenges to the districts already ruled unconstitutional and declared the remaining claims to be moot or abstained from ruling on them in deference to the federal courts.
    • Harris v. McCrory, No. 1:13-cv-949 (M.D.N.C. June 2, 2016): After the General Assembly enacted its remedial congressional plan (SB 2), plaintiffs filed objections to its validity, asserting it was a partisan gerrymander. On June 2, 2016, the district court rejected the plaintiffs’ claims, finding that it was unable to resolve them since there did not exist a judicially workable standard for reviewing them.
      • Aff’d, 138 S.Ct. 2711 (2018).
    • Rucho v. Common Cause, 139 S.Ct. 2484 (2019): Plaintiffs challenged the General Assembly’s remedial congressional plan (SB 2) as an unconstitutional partisan gerrymander in violation of the 1st Amendment, the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause, the Elections Clause, and Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The case was consolidated with a similar partisan gerrymandering challenge to Maryland’s congressional plan, and on June 27, 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that partisan gerrymandering claims present nonjusticiable political questions beyond the reach of federal courts and remanded the cases with instructions to dismiss them for lack of jurisdiction.
    • Harper v. Lewis, No. 19-cvs-12667 (N.C. Super. Ct., Wake Cty. Oct. 28, 2019): A group of North Carolina residents and voters filed a lawsuit challenging the General Assembly’s remedial congressional plan (SB 2) as an unconstitutional partisan gerrymander in violation of the state constitution’s Free Elections Clause, Equal Protection Clause, and Freedom of Speech and Assembly Clauses. On October 28, 2019, the state trial court granted the plaintiffs’ request for a preliminary injunction, barring the defendants from using the remedial plan for the upcoming 2020 primary and general elections. The court lifted in preliminary injunction on December 2, 2019, allowing the 2020 election to proceed under the General Assembly’s newly enacted remedial congressional plan.
      • Remedial Plan – HB 1029
        • Passed = November 15, 2019 (R-controlled)
        • Signed = November 15, 2019
    • Brewster v. Berger, No. 2:19-cv-00037 (E.D.N.C. Dec. 5, 2019): After the General Assembly enacted its second remedial congressional plan (HB 1029), several voters and a congressional candidate filed a federal lawsuit seeking to bar the new map from being implemented on the grounds the plaintiffs had already conducted substantial electoral and campaigning activities under the older map and to change the plan at that time would lead to substantial confusion and uncertainty. On December 5, 2019, the action was voluntarily dismissed by the plaintiffs.
• Legislative
  • Original Plans – HB 937 (House); SB 455 (Senate)
    • Passed = July 27, 2011 (R-controlled)
    • Signed = July 28, 2011 (House); July 27, 2011 (Senate)
    • Preclearance = Granted on November 1, 2011
  • Second Plans – HB 777 (House); SB 283 (Senate)
    • Passed = November 7, 2011 (R-controlled)
    • Signed = November 7, 2011
    • Preclearance = Granted on December 8, 2011
  • Litigation History
    • Dickson v. Rucho, 766 S.E.2d 238 (N.C. 2014): A coalition of voters filed a lawsuit challenging the General Assembly’s enacted legislative and congressional redistricting plans on a number of federal and state constitutional and statutory grounds, including racial gerrymandering in violation of the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause and the Voting Rights Act. On July 8, 2013, the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of the defendants on all counts, finding that the General Assembly applied traditional and permissible redistricting principles to achieve a partisan advantage, and that no constitutional violations resulted. On December 19, 2014, the North Carolina Supreme Court found that the trial court erred when it applied strict scrutiny to the challenged districts prematurely but affirmed then ruling upholding the districts as they nonetheless survived review under that standard.
      • Vacated, 135 S.Ct. 1843 (2015): U.S. Supreme Court vacated and remanded case back to North Carolina Supreme Court for further consideration in light of Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama.
    • Dickson v. Rucho II, 781 S.E.2d 404 (N.C. 2015): On remand, the state Supreme Court reviewed the trial court’s judgment in accordance with the district-by-district analysis required by Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama. On December 18, 2015, the court again upheld the plans, finding that the challenged districts survived strict scrutiny and that the other districts were drawn with the predominant considerations being traditional and permissible redistricting principles.
      • Vacated, 137 S.Ct. 2186 (2017): U.S. Supreme Court vacated and remanded case back to North Carolina Supreme Court for further consideration in light of Cooper v. Harris.
    • Dickson v. Rucho III, No. 11-cvs-16896 (N.C. Super. Ct., Wake Cty. Feb. 12, 2018): After the U.S. Supreme Court’s second remand order, the state Supreme Court further remanded this case back to the state trial court to decide whether the plaintiffs’ claims had been mooted following the federal court rulings in Cooper v. Harris and North Carolina v. Covington and the subsequently enacted remedial plans. On February 12, 2018, the trial court granted summary judgment for the plaintiffs as to their challenges to the districts already ruled unconstitutional and declared the remaining claims to be moot or abstained from ruling on them in deference to the federal courts.
    • Covington v. North Carolina, 316 F.R.D. 117 (M.D.N.C. 2016): Plaintiffs challenged the General Assembly’s second enacted legislative plans (HB 777; SB 283) as unconstitutional racial gerrymanders in violation of the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. On August 11, 2016, the district court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs after finding that the defendants failed to show that the challenged districts were supported by a strong basis in evidence and narrowly tailored to comply with the Voting Rights Act. The court ordered a remedial map be drawn and to conduct a special election in fall 2017 under the new districts.
      • Aff’d, 137 S.Ct. 1624 (2017): U.S. Supreme Court affirmed judgment that the districts were unconstitutional racial gerrymanders.
        • Vacated and Remanded, 137 S.Ct. 1624 (2017): U.S. Supreme Court vacated and remanded as to the district court’s order requiring a special election with instructions to conduct a case-specific analysis to determine an appropriate remedy.
      • Remedial Legislative Plans – HB 927 (House); SB 691 (Senate)
        • Passed = August 30, 2017 (R-controlled)
        • Signed = August 31, 2017
    • Covington v. North Carolina II, 283 F.Supp.3d 410 (M.D.N.C. 2018): Plaintiffs objected to the General Assembly’s enacted remedial plans, asserting several districts remained unconstitutional racial gerrymanders or were otherwise legally invalid. On January 19, 2018, the district court sustained the plaintiffs’ racial gerrymandering objections to the challenged remedial districts in addition to new objections to different districts based on the state constitution’s Whole County Provision. The court then adopted a remedial map with districts recommended by the court-appointed Special Master for use in future legislative elections.
      • Aff’d and Rev’d in Part, 138 S.Ct. 2548 (2018): U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the district court’s ruling as to the racial gerrymandering objections, but reversed as to the objections based on the state constitution’s Whole County Provision because the district court’s remedial authority was limited to ensuring the General Assembly’s remedial plan corrected the racial gerrymandering violations.
      • U.S. District Court’s Remedial Plans
        • Ordered = January 21, 2018
    • N.C. State Conf. of NAACP Branches v. Lewis, No. 18-cvs-2322 (N.C. Super. Ct., Wake Cty. Nov. 2, 2018): Plaintiffs challenged several of the state House districts in the General Assembly’s 2017 remedial plan (HB 927) as violating the state constitution on the grounds that in redrawing them, the General Assembly exceeded what was required by the federal court’s remedial order, thereby violating the state constitution’s prohibition on mid-decade redistricting. On November 2, 2018, the trial court granted summary judgment for the plaintiffs, finding that the General Assembly violated the state constitution when redrawing them and ordered that a new, corrected state House plan be enacted for use in the 2020 election.
    • Common Cause v. Lewis, No. 18-cvs-14001 (N.C. Super. Ct., Wake Cty. Sept. 3, 2019): Plaintiffs challenged the General Assembly’s 2017 remedial legislative plans (HB 927; SB 691) as partisan gerrymanders in violation of the state constitution’s Equal Protection Clause, Free Elections Clause, and Freedom of Speech and Assembly Clauses. On September 3, 2019, the trial court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and invalidated the plans as unconstitutional, ordering the General Assembly to enact remedial maps for use in the 2020 elections.
      • Remedial Plans – HB 1020 (House); SB 692 (Senate)
        • Passed = September 17, 2019 (R-controlled)
        • Signed = September 17, 2019
    • Common Cause v. Lewis II, No. 18-cvs-14001 (N.C. Super. Ct., Wake Cty. Oct. 28, 2019): State trial court rejected the plaintiffs’ objections to the enacted remedial plans and approved them for use in the 2020 elections.

2000

• Congressional
  • Original Plan – HB 32
    • Passed = December 5, 2001 (D-controlled)
    • Signed = December 5, 2001
    • Preclearance = Granted on February 15, 2002
  • Litigation History
    • None
• Legislative
  • Original Plans – HB 1025 (House); SB 798 (Senate)
    • Passed = November 13, 2001 (House); November 7, 2001 (Senate) (D-controlled)
    • Signed = November 13, 2001
    • Preclearance = Granted on February 11, 2002
  • Litigation History
    • Stephenson v. Bartlett, 562 S.E.2d 377 (N.C. 2002): Plaintiffs challenged the General Assembly’s enacted legislative plans on the grounds it excessively divided counties in violation of the state constitution’s “Whole County Provisions” applicable to redistricting. On April 30, 2002, the state Supreme Court affirmed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment for the plaintiffs, finding that the enacted plans did violate the state constitution’s Whole County Provisions and remanded the case with instructions as to the creation of a remedial plan.
      • Remedial Plans – HB 4
        • Passed = May 17, 2002 (D-controlled)
        • Signed = May 20, 2002
    • Stephenson v. Bartlett II, 582 S.E.2d 247 (N.C. 2003): After the General Assembly enacted its remedial legislative plans (HB 4), plaintiffs challenged the new plans as failing to satisfy the constitutional requirements laid out in the Stephenson I opinion. On May 31, 2002, the trial court ruled that the remedial legislative plans were unconstitutional, developed interim legislative plans, and ordered these interim plans be used for the 2002 elections only. After those elections, the North Carolina Supreme Court affirmed the trial court’s ruling that the 2002 remedial plans were unconstitutional.
      • Court’s Interim Plans
        • Adopted = May 31, 2002
        • Preclearance = Granted on July 12, 2002
        • Used for 2002 elections only
      • Remedial Plan – HB 3
        • Passed = November 25, 2003 (D-controlled)
        • Signed = November 26, 2003
        • Preclearance = Granted on March 30, 2004
    • Pender County v. Bartlett, 649 S.E.2d 364 (N.C. 2007): Plaintiffs challenged a state House district in the General Assembly’s second remedial legislative plan (HB 3) as violating the state constitution on the grounds it unnecessarily split Pender County in violation of the Whole County Provision when the Voting Rights Act did not require it. On the North Carolina Supreme Court reversed the trial court’s judgment, finding that the challenged district failed to comply with the Whole County Provision and the requirements laid out in Stephenson I. The court ordered that the district be redrawn but, due to time constraints, allowed the 2008 elections to be held using the then-existing districts.
      • Aff’d, Bartlett v. Strickland, 556 U.S. 1 (2009).
      • Remedial House Plan – HB 1621
        • Passed = June 10, 2009 (D-controlled)
        • Signed = June 11, 2009
    • Dean v. Leake, 550 F.Supp.2d 594 (E.D.N.C. 2008): Plaintiffs challenged the use of the General Assembly’s 2003 remedial legislative plans for the 2008 elections on a variety of grounds, including violations of the one person, one vote constitutional principle due to the use of uncorrected census data, the 14th Amendment’s Due Process Clause, Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, and racial gerrymandering under the Equal Protection Clause. On March 17, 2008, the district court upheld the plans against the challenge, finding that they were constitutionally valid and denying the plaintiffs’ request for injunctive relief because the public interest in an orderly election would be substantially harmed if it were granted.

In The News

• NC Senate district racial gerrymandering trial set for February, NC NewsLine (7/2/24)
• Three-judge panel dismisses Orr’s ‘fair elections’ lawsuit, Carolina Journal (6/28/24)
• Full 4th Circuit will not hear redistricting plaintiffs’ injunction request, Carolina Journal (6/19/24)
• North Carolina judges grapple with defining ‘fair’ elections in redistricting suit, AP (6/13/24)
• Federal NC redistricting lawsuits officially scheduled for June 2025 trial, Carolina Journal (5/24/24)
• Trial likely in June 2025 for consolidated NC redistricting cases, Carolina Journal (5/2/24)
• ‘Fair elections’ lawsuit hearing delayed until June, Carolina Journal (4/23/24)
• Federal three-judge panel will take first look at redistricting cases May 28, Carolina Journal (4/22/24)
• Appeals panel won't order North Carolina Senate redistricting lines to be redrawn, AP (3/29/24)
• Federal judges consolidate two NC redistricting cases, Carolina Journal (3/18/24)
• Federal judges sound hesitant to overturn ruling on North Carolina Senate redistricting, AP (2/15/24)
• North Carolina Redistricting Lawsuit Tries `Fair` Election Claim to Overturn GOP Lines, AP (1/31/24)
• Senate redistricting challengers seek Appeals Court ruling by Feb. 15, Carolina Journal (1/29/24)
• No evidence of racial gerrymandering in NC Senate map, judge rules in win for GOP, WRAL (1/26/24)
• Federal judge has tough questions for Black voters claiming racial gerrymandering in NC maps, WRAL (1/9/24)
• Legislative leaders ask federal Appeals Court to dismiss redistricting complaint, Carolina Journal (1/5/24)
• Redistricting plaintiffs blame federal judge for ‘unreasonable or inexplicable’ delay, Carolina Journal (1/5/24)
• Three GOP-appointed judges to oversee NAACP’s federal redistricting suit, Carolina Journal (1/3/24)
• Democrats fear electoral bloodbath in North Carolina, The Hill (1/2/24)
• Plaintiffs seek redistricting injunction by Jan. 9, push for May Senate primary, Carolina Journal (12/29/23)
• North Carolina House speaker slams gerrymandering suit as ‘desperate’, Courthouse News (12/5/23)
• Lawsuit claims new NC districts discriminate against minority voters, The Hill (12/4/23)
• GOP lawmakers win an early battle in NC gerrymandering lawsuit, WRAL (11/28/23)
• First 2023 NC redistricting lawsuit challenges state Senate map, Carolina Journal (11/20/23)
• Senate committee passes Congressional maps, The Carolina Journal (10/23/23)
• North Carolina legislature passes new congressional map that favors Republicans, Roll Call (10/25/23)
• North Carolina redistricting ruling could be big win for Republicans in Congress, Fox News (5/24/23)
• US Supreme Court Seeks Input by May 11 on Moore v Harper's Future, The Carolina Journal (5/5/23)
• Moore v Harper Lawyers Warn US Supreme Court About NC Redistricting Ruling, The Carolina Journal (5/3/23)
• North Carolina Justices Hand GOP Big Wins With Election Rulings, AP (4/28/23)
• U.S. Supreme Court Seeks Information About Impact of NC Redistricting Rehearing, The Carolina Journal (3/2/23)
• N.C. Supreme Court will rehear redistricting, voter ID cases in March, The Carolina Journal (2/3/23)
• Legislative Leaders Ask NC Supreme Court to Rehear Redistricting Case, The Carolina Journal (1/20/23)
• N.C. Supreme Court Justices: State Senate Map Must Be Drawn Again, WWAY (12/16/22)
• Thinking Through Moore v. Harper, Part 3, National Review (11/29/22)
• Thinking Through Moore v. Harper, Part 2, National Review (11/23/22)
• GOP Delivers Final Brief to Supreme Court in North Carolina Redistricting Case, The Center Square (11/21/22)
• Republicans Retake Control of North Carolina Supreme Court, AP (11/9/22)
• Thinking Through Moore v. Harper, Part 1, National Review (11/4/22)
• Intervenors File Briefs Against North Carolina Republicans in Redistricting Case, The Center Square (10/27/22)
• U.S. Supreme Court to Hear N.C. Redistricting Dispute on Dec. 7, The Carolina Journal (10/18/22)
• State Supreme Court to Decide Whether to Throw Out N.C. Election Maps Again, The Carolina Journal (10/4/22)
• New Brief Says N.C. Redistricting Plaintiffs Want to ‘Disestablish’ Legislative Authority, The Carolina Journal (9/23/22)
• State Judges Offer Rare Input as High Court Tackles Redistricting Case, Courthouse News Service (9/7/22)
• NC Supreme Court Rules Against Gerrymandered Legislature, The Hill (8/19/22)
• N.C. Supreme Court Issues 4-3 Party-Line Split on Hearing Redistricting Arguments in October, The Carolina Journal (7/28/22)
• NC Republicans Ask US Supreme Court to Block Congress Map, AP (2/25/22)
• NC Judges Uphold Legislative Maps, Change Congress Lines, AP (2/23/22)
• Ruling Coming on Replacement N. Carolina Redistricting Maps, AP (2/23/22)
• Eric Holder's Redistricting Network Has Ties to North Carolina Supreme Court Judge, Newsmax (2/22/22)
• NC 2nd-Chance Redistricting Finalized; Maps Now Go to Court, AP (2/18/22)
• North Carolina Officials Unveil Newly Proposed Redistricting Map, WXII (2/15/22)
• Court Releases Details of NC Gerrymandering Ruling, The Charlotte Observer (2/15/22)
• North Carolina Supreme Court Strikes Down Redistricting Maps, AP (2/4/22)
• As NC Redistricting Lawsuits Continue, Buncombe Hires Legal Help to Study Demographics, Citizen Times (1/20/22)
• NC Supreme Court Justices Asked to Sit Out Redistricting Case Over Perceived Conflicts of Interest, WRAL (1/16/22)
• NC Court Allows Redistricting Map to Stand in Win for Republicans Ahead of Midterms, Fox News (1/13/22)
• Judges Let North Carolina GOP Redistricting Plans Stand, AP (1/12/22)
• ‘Concept Maps’ Revealed as NC Redistricting Trial Winds Down, AP (1/5/22)
• North Carolina Panel to Hear Redistricting Case Next Month, AP (12/13/21)
• North Carolina Supreme Court Delays March Primary by Two Months Over Lawsuits Challenging GOP-Led Redistricting, The Washington Post (12/9/21)
• NC Judges Deny Requests to Block Elections Under New Maps, AP (12/3/21)
• Judge won’t Order Restart on NC Legislative Redistricting, AP (11/30/21)
• NC Math Experts, Voters Sue Over US House, Legislative Lines, AP (11/17/21)
• North Carolina Legislators Finalize Redistricting Maps, AP (11/4/21)
• NC House, Senate Pass New Partisan Voting District Maps, WRAL (11/2/21)
• NC Redistricting Suit Challenges Lack of Race Data for Maps, AP (10/29/21)
• NC Lawmakers Adopt Criteria for Next Round of Redistricting, North Carolina Public Radio (8/12/21)
• Population Growth Gives North Carolina a 14th US House Seat, AP (4/26/21)
• Get Ready for more Gerrymandering Suits in NC, Former Obama AG Holder Says in UNC Speech, The Charlotte Observer (2/19/21)
• What's Old is New: Redistricting will again be North Carolina's Big Issue in 2021, Blue Ridge Public Radio (1/4/21)
• House Speaker Backs More Transparent Redistricting Process, WRAL (11/16/20)
• Redistricting Power on the Ballot in NC General Assembly Elections, WRAL (10/23/20)
• Census Fight could have Big Implications for North Carolina's Political, Financial Future, The Fayetteville Observer (9/28/20)
• With Less than Two Weeks Left, N.C. Continues to Lag Behind Other State on Census Participation, Spectrum News (9/17/20)
• Split North Carolina Appeals Court Retains 2 Amendments, AP (9/15/20)
• Governor Roy Cooper Urges Extension to the Census Deadline, WNCT (8/24/20)
• Federal Appeals Court Rules North Carolina Gerrymandering Case Must be Heard in State Court, Jurist (4/17/20)
• Americans Continue to Vote With Their Feet Towards Low-Tax States, The Hill (3/3/20)