CASE SUMMARY
On July 4, 2018, a coalition of states, localities, and non-profit organizations filed a federal lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Commerce, the Census Bureau, and various department and bureau officials, challenging the defendants' decision to re-add a citizenship question onto the 2020 decennial census questionnaire. The plaintiffs alleged that the inclusion of a citizenship question would jeopardize the overall accuracy of the population count by significantly deterring participation in immigrant communities, which will result in lower amounts of federal funding allocations over the next decade. Specifically, the plaintiffs alleged that the defendants' decision violated their constitutional duty to conduct an "actual Enumeration" under Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution and was arbitrary, capricious and an abuse of discretion in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act. The plaintiffs requested that the court issue a declaration that the defendants' decision violates their constitutional and statutory obligation and injunctive relief barring the defendants from requesting citizenship information in the 2020 Census. The case was consolidated with another federal lawsuit filed in New York alleging similar claims, in addition to a new claim that the defendants' decision violated the Equal Protection Clause.
The federal district court dismissed the plaintiffs' Enumeration Clause claim, but allowed the other claims to proceed. After a bench trial, the district court ruled that the plaintiffs did have standing to sue, that the Secretary's decision to reinstate a citizenship question was arbitrary and capricious in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act due to the Secretary's offered rationale being "pretextual," and that the decision violated the Census Act, but that the plaintiffs had failed to demonstrate an equal protection violation. The defendants appealed this decision to the U.S. Supreme Court on January 19, 2017.
On June 27, 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an opinion affirming in part and reversing in part the district court's ruling. The Court first found that at least some of the plaintiffs had standing to challenge the citizenship question decision because evidence showed that reinstating the question would lead to lower response rates for noncitizen households, which would result in diminished political representation, federal funding, and census data accuracy. Next, the Court ruled that the enumeration Clause does permit Congress, and by extension the Secretary, to inquire about citizenship on the census questionnaire based upon the historical, consistent practices underlying the census and Congress's broad authority over the census. The Court also found the Secretary's decision was reviewable under the Administrative Procedure Act, and that the Secretary's decision was reasonably supported by the evidence before him showing that the best course of action to collect improved citizenship data was to reinstate a citizenship question on the census and to fill in gaps in the data through administrative records. The Court reversed the district court's ruling that the Secretary's decision violated two provisions of the Census Act because the Secretary properly judged that administrative records would not provide the complete and more accurate data sought by the federal government, and the Secretary fully informed Congress of and explained his decision. Finally, and ultimately, the Court ruled that the citizenship question could not be added to the 2020 Census because the Secretary's decision violated the reasoned explanation requirement of administrative law. That requirement mandates that agencies offer genuine justifications for important decisions, and the Court found that the Secretary's offered rationale for reinstating the citizenship question, namely that the Department of Justice needed more accurate citizenship data to better enforce the Voting Rights Act, did not comport with evidence showing that the Department of Justice's request came only after the Department of Commerce unsuccessfully attempted to get other agencies, such as the Department of Homeland Security, to request citizenship data. This mismatch between the agency's offered explanation and the record's details as to the agency's priorities and decision-making process violated the APA's reasoned explanation requirement, and therefore the Court found the district court was warranted in remanding to the agency.
On August 2, 2019, the defendants filed an unopposed motion to voluntarily dismiss the appeal, which the Second Circuit Court of Appeals granted on August 7, 2019, bringing the case to an end.
CASE LIBRARY
U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York - No. 1:18-CV-2921 [together with Nos. 1:18-CV-5025, 1:20-CV-5770, 1:20-CV-5781]
- Complaint - 4/4/18
- First Amended Complaint - 4/30/18
- Joint Letter Prior to Initial Pretrial Conference - 5/3/18
- Order - 5/4/18
- Conference Transcript - 5/18/18
- Defendants' Notice of Motion to Dismiss - 5/25/18
- Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants' Motion to Dismiss - 5/25/18
- Brief of Amicus Curiae The American Center for Law and Justice in Support of Defendants' Motion to Dismiss - 6/1/18
- Declaration of Mithun Mansinghani - 6/1/18
- Brief of Amicus Curiae Project on Fair Representation in Support of Defendants' Motion to Dismiss - 6/6/18
- Order - 6/8/18
- Notice of Filing Administrative Record Certification and Index - 6/8/18
- Brief of Amicus Curiae The Federation for American Immigration Reform - 6/11/18
- Letter to Court Regarding Amicus Brief - 6/11/18
- Joint Letter to Court - 6/12/18
- Order - 6/13/18
- Plaintiffs' Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss - 6/13/18
- Brief of Amici Curiae Current and Former Members of Congress - 6/15/18
- Brief of Amici Curiae The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, et al. - 6/18/18
- Notice of Filing Supplement to Administrative Record - 6/21/18
- Defendants' Reply Memorandum of Law in Further Support of Their Motion to Dismiss - 6/22/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Brief Regarding Discovery Outside of Administrative Record - 6/26/18
- Defendants' Letter Brief in Opposition to Outside Discovery - 6/26/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Regarding Supplemental Authority on Discovery - 6/27/18
- Order - 7/5/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Regarding Discovery Disputes - 7/17/18
- Defendants' Reply Letter Regarding Discovery Disputes - 7/19/18
- Transcript of Proceedings on July 3, 2018 - 7/20/18
- Defendants' Letter Requesting Discovery Extension - 7/23/18
- Notice of Filing Supplemental Materials Pursuant to Court's July 3, 2018 Order - 7/23/18
- Second Amended Complaint - 7/25/18
- Opinion and Order - 7/26/18
- Second Notice of Filing Supplemental Materials Pursuant to Court's July 3, 2018 Order - 7/27/18
- Third Notice of Filing Supplemental Materials Pursuant to Court's July 3, 2018 Order - 7/27/18
- Fourth Notice of Filing Supplemental Materials Pursuant to Court's July 3, 2018 Order - 8/3/18
- Defendants' Letter Opposing Plaintiffs' Request for Discovery Dispute Conference - 8/7/18
- Notice of Filing Corrected Declaration - 8/9/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Motion to Compel Deposition - 8/10/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Requesting Discovery Conference - 8/13/18
- Order - 8/14/18
- Defendants' Letter Regarding In Camera Review - 8/15/18
- Defendants' Letter Opposing Discovery Conference - 8/15/18
- Declaration of James Uthmeier - 8/15/18
- Declaration of Michael A. Cannon - 8/15/18
- Department of Justice's Letter Opposing Discovery Conference - 8/15/18
- Order - 8/17/18
- Brief of Amicus Curiae Public Interest Legal Foundation - 8/24/18
- Memorandum of Law in Support of Amicus Brief by Public Interest Legal Foundation - 8/24/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Motion to Conduct Discovery on Non-Party - 8/30/18
- Order - 8/31/18
- Defendants' Letter Motion to Stay Discovery Pending Petition for Writ of Mandamus - 8/31/18
- Plaintiffs' Fifth Letter Motion Regarding Discovery - 8/31/18
- Defendants' Answer to Second Amended Complaint - 8/31/18
- Joint Motion for Protective Order - 9/4/18
- Order - 9/4/18
- Plaintiffs' Sixth Letter Motion Regarding Discovery - 9/4/18
- Defendants' Letter Motion Opposing Non-Party Discovery - 9/5/18
- Plaintiffs' Status Report - 9/6/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter in Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Stay Discovery - 9/6/18
- Second Status Report - 9/6/18
- Defendants' Letter Regarding Discovery Stay - 9/7/18
- Opinion and Order - 9/7/18
- Order from U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit - 9/10/18
- Plaintiffs' Seventh Letter Motion Regarding Discovery - 9/10/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Motion to Compel Deposition - 9/10/18
- Defendants' Letter Regarding Plaintiffs' Sixth Letter Motion - 9/11/18
- Plaintiffs' Status Report Regarding Discovery - 9/13/18
- Defendants' Letter in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Discovery Request - 9/13/18
- Defendants' Letter in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion to Compel Deposition - 9/13/18
- Order of Consolidation - 9/14/18
- Order - 9/17/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Motion for Protective Order - 9/17/18
- Plaintiffs' Reply in Support of Their Motion to Conduct Deposition - 9/17/18
- Defendants' Letter in Support of Their Motion for Summary Judgment - 9/18/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Motion for Leave to Conduct Discovery and Deposition of Non-Party Mark Neuman - 9/19/18
- Defendants' Letter in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Protective Order - 9/19/18
- Plaintiffs' Opposition to Defendants' Request to Proceed by Summary Judgment - 9/20/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Motion to Compel Production of Withheld Department of Justice Documents - 9/20/18
- Memorandum Opinion and Order - 9/21/18
- Defendants' Letter in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Request to Depose Non-Party Mark Neuman - 9/21/18
- Answer to Second Amended Complaint - 9/21/18
- Defendants' Letter in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion to Compel Production of Documents - 9/24/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Motion to Compel Production of Documents Withheld on Privilege - 9/24/18
- Order from U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit - 9/25/18
- Defendants' Letter in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion to Compel Production of Documents Withheld on Privilege - 9/26/18
- Plaintiffs' Status Report - 9/27/18
- Plaintiffs' Status Report - 9/28/18
- Defendants' Letter Requesting Stay of Discovery Pending Review by U.S. Supreme Court - 9/28/18
- Order from U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit - 9/28/18
- Plaintiffs' Opposition to Motion for Stay - 9/29/18
- Memorandum Opinion and Order - 9/30/18
- Order from U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit - 10/2/18
- Transcript of Proceedings on September 14, 2018 - 10/3/18
- Memorandum Opinion and Order - 10/5/18
- Order from U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Denying Writ of Mandamus - 10/9/18
- Order from U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Denying Stay - 10/10/18
- Notice of Stay - 10/10/18
- Plaintiffs' Status Report - 10/10/18
- Joint Status Report - 10/15/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Motion for Partial Exclusion of Opinion Testimony by Dr. John Abowd - 10/19/18
- U.S. Supreme Court Opinion Granting in Part and Denying in Part Request for Stay - 10/23/18
- Defendants' Request to Stay Pretrial and Trial Proceedings - 10/23/18
- Defendants' Status Report - 10/24/18
- Plaintiffs' Status Report - 10/24/18
- Order - 10/24/18
- Defendants' Notice of Filing Motion to Stay - 10/25/18
- Defendants' Letter in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion to Exclude Certain Testimony - 10/26/18
- Opinion and Order - 10/26/18
- Defendants' Motion in Limine - 10/26/18
- Proposed Joint Pretrial Order - 10/26/18
- Plaintiffs' Pretrial Memorandum - 10/26/18
- Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiffs' Motions in Limine - 10/26/18
- Defendants' Pretrial Memorandum of Law - 10/26/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Motion to Compel Production of Documents - 10/28/18
- Defendants' Notice of Filing Revised Objections to Plaintiffs' Exhibits - 10/29/18
- Brief of Amici Curiae The American Statistical Association, et al., in Support of Plaintiffs' Position at Trial - 10/29/18
- Plaintiffs' Reply in Support of Partial Exclusion of Opinion Testimony - 10/29/18
- Brief of Amici Curiae Former Census Bureau Directors in Support of Plaintiffs' Trial Position - 10/29/18
- Second Brief of Amicus Curiae The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights - 10/29/18
- Brief of Amicus Curiae The Public Interest Legal Foundation in Support of Defendants' Position at Trial - 10/29/18
- Brief of Amici Curiae Common Cause, et al., in Support of Plaintiffs - 10/29/18
- Brief of Amicus Curiae The Electronic Privacy Information Center in Support of Plaintiffs' Position at Trial - 10/29/18
- Brief of Amici Curiae The Council on American-Islamic Relations, et al., in Support of Plaintiffs at Trial - 10/29/18
- Memorandum of Law in Support of Amici Brief by The Council on American-Islamic Relations, et al. - 10/29/18
- Brief of Amici Curiae Tech:NYC, et al., in Support of Plaintiffs - 10/29/18
- Defendants' Letter in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion to Compel Production of Documents - 10/30/18
- Defendants' Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motions in Limine - 10/30/18
- Plaintiffs' Pretrial Reply Memorandum - 10/31/18
- Defendants' Reply to Plaintiffs' Pretrial Memorandum - 10/31/18
- Plaintiffs' Opposition to Defendants' Motion in Limine - 10/31/18
- Defendants' Evidentiary Objections to Plaintiffs' Trial Affidavits - 11/1/18
- Plaintiffs' Letter Regarding Supreme Court Denial of Stay - 11/2/18
- Plaintiffs' Responses to Defendants' Evidentiary Objections to Trial Affidavits - 11/3/18
- Defendants' Motion to Exclude Supplemental Expert Disclosures - 11/3/18
- Notice of Filing of Defendants' Objections to Plaintiffs' Supplemental Exhibits - 11/4/18
- Plaintiffs' Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Exclude Expert Disclosures - 11/4/18
- Notice of Filing of Joint Stipulations - 11/4/18
- Amended Opinion and Order - 11/5/18
- Defendants' Revised Evidentiary Objections to Plaintiffs' Trial Affidavits - 11/5/18
- Plaintiffs' Trial Affidavits - 11/5/18
- Plaintiffs' Second Trial Affidavits - 11/5/18
- Deposition of Earl Comstock and Designations - 11/5/18
- Deposition of John Gore and Designations - 11/5/18
- Deposition of Karen Dunn Kelley and Designations - 11/6/18
- Deposition of Sahra Park-Su and Designations - 11/6/18
- Transcript of Proceedings on October 24, 2018 - 11/6/18
- Census Bureau Deposition and Designations - 11/6/18
- Plaintiffs' Third Trial Affidavits - 11/6/18
- Plaintiffs' Notice of Errata and Request to Strike - 11/6/18
- Plaintiffs' Fourth Trial Affidavits - 11/6/18
- Trial Affidavits of Daniel Altschuler - 11/7/18
- Trial Affidavits of Todd A. Breitbart - 11/7/18
- Trial Affidavits of Sara Cullinane - 11/7/18
- Trial Affidavit of Gregory Lucyk - 11/7/18
- Trial Affidavit of Dr. William P. O'Hare - 11/7/18
- Trial Affidavit of Dr. Andrew Reamer - 11/7/18
- Deposition of David Langdon and Designations - 11/7/18
- Deposition of Ron Jarmin and Designations - 11/7/18
- Trial Affidavit of Dr. John Thompson - 11/10/18
- Joint Stipulation Regarding Scope of Administrative Record - 11/11/18
- Second Joint Stipulation Regarding Scope of Administrative Record - 11/12/18
- Plaintiffs' Motion to Designate Materials for Inclusion in the Administrative Record - 11/12/18
- Plaintiffs' Motion to Admit Trial Exhibits - 11/12/18
- Defendants' Opposition to Inclusion of Materials in the Administrative Record - 11/13/18
- Trial Affidavit of Dr. Christopher Warshaw - 11/13/18
- Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Exclusion of Opinion Testimony by Dr. John Abowd - 11/13/18
- Plaintiffs' Second Motion to Admit Trial Exhibits - 11/13/18
- Defendants' Reply to Plaintiffs' Motion to Admit Trial Exhibits - 11/14/18
- Transcript of Proceedings on November 1, 2018 - 11/14/18
- Defendants' Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion to Admit Trial Exhibits - 11/14/18
- Order - 11/14/18
- Defendants' Supplemental Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion to Admit Trial Exhibits - 11/14/18
- Order - 11/16/18
- Defendants' Motion to Stay Further Proceedings Pending Supreme Court Review - 11/18/18
- Plaintiffs' Opposition to Motion to Stay - 11/20/18
- Memorandum Opinion and Order Denying Stay - 11/20/18
- Plaintiffs' Joint Proposed Post-Trial Findings of Fact - 11/21/18
- Defendants' Post-Trial Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law - 11/21/18
- Plaintiffs' Post-Trial Reply - 12/4/18
- Defendants' Post-Trial Reply - 12/4/18
- Trial Transcript (Nov. 5, 2018) - 12/7/18
- Trial Transcript (Nov. 6, 2018) - 12/7/18
- Trial Transcript (Nov. 7, 2018) - 12/7/18
- Trial Transcript (Nov. 9, 2018) - 12/7/18
- Trial Transcript (Nov. 13, 2018) - 12/7/18
- Trial Transcript (Nov. 14, 2018) - 12/7/18
- Trial Transcript (Nov. 15, 2018) - 12/7/18
- Trial Transcript (Nov. 27, 2018) - 12/7/18
- Plaintiffs' Notice of Supplemental Authority - 12/19/18
- Plaintiffs' Notice of Supplemental Authority - 1/2/19
- Court's Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law - 1/15/19
- Final Judgment, Order of Vacatur, and Permanent Injunction - 1/15/19
- Notice of Appeal - 1/17/19
- Plaintiffs' Motion for an Order to Show Cause - 5/30/19
- Defendants' Opposition to Motion for Order to Show Cause - 6/3/19
- Plaintiffs' Reply in Support of Motion for Order to Show Cause - 6/4/19
- Plaintiffs' Memorandum of Law in Support of Their Motion to Amend Judgment or Remand or For Injunctive Relief - 7/5/19
- Memorandum Opinion and Order - 7/9/19
- Notice of Executive Order - 7/11/19
- Order - 7/16/19
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit - No. 18-2652 [together with No. 18-2659]
- Petition for Writ of Mandamus - 9/7/18
- Order Staying Deposition - 9/10/18
- Brief and Addendum for Government Respondents in Opposition to Petition for a Writ of Mandamus - 9/17/18
- Reply in Support of Petition for Writ of Mandamus - 9/21/18
- Order Denying Petition for Writ of Mandamus - 9/25/18
- Order Denying Request for a Stay of Discovery - 10/2/18
- Order - 10/9/18
- Order - 10/30/18
- Order - 11/26/18
- Order - 8/1/19
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit - No. 19-212
- Motion to Expedite - 1/25/19
- Order Granting Motion to Expedite - 2/1/19
- Consent Motion to Place Appeal in Abeyance - 2/15/19
- Order Granting Motion to Place Appeal in Abeyance - 2/19/19
- Defendants-Appellants Unopposed Motion to Voluntarily Dismiss Appeal - 8/2/19
- Order Granting Motion to Dismiss - 8/7/19
U.S. Supreme Court - No. 18-966
- Petition for a Writ of Certiorari - 1/25/19
- Motion for Expedited Consideration - 1/25/19
- Response to Petitioners' Motion to Expedite - 1/29/19
- Brief for Government Respondents in Response to Petition for Certiorari Before Judgment - 2/11/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae United States House of Representatives in Support of Respondents - 2/11/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Ronald A. Cass and Christopher C. Demuth, Sr., in Support of Petitioners - 2/11/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae the Public Interest Legal Foundation in Support of Petitioners - 2/11/19
- Respondents' Response to Petition for Writ of Certiorari Before Judgment - 2/11/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Judicial Watch, Inc. and Allied Educational Foundation in Support of Petitioner - 2/11/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae Project on Fair Representation in Support of Petitioner - 2/12/19
- Petitioners' Reply Brief - 2/13/19
- Brief for the Petitioners - 3/6/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty in Support of Neither Party - 3/6/19
- Second Brief of Amici Curiae Ronald A. Cass and Christopher C. Demuth, Sr., in Support of Petitioners - 3/6/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Oklahoma, Alabama, Arkansas, et al., in Support of Petitioners - 3/6/19
- Second Brief of Amicus Curiae Project on Fair Representation in Support of Petitioners - 3/6/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae Eagle Forum Education & Legal Defense Fund in Support of Petitioners - 3/6/19
- Second Brief of Amicus Curiae Public Interest Legal Foundation in Support of Petitioners - 3/6/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae the Republican National Committee and the National Republican Congressional Committee in Support of Petitioners - 3/6/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Citizens United, et al., in Support of Petitioners - 3/6/19
- Second Brief of Amici Curiae Judicial Watch, Inc. and Allied Educational Foundation in Support of Petitioners - 3/6/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae Immigration Reform Law Institute in Support of Petitioners - 3/6/19
- Letter From Petitioners Regarding Related Case - 3/11/19
- Joint Letter by Respondents Regarding Related Case - 3/13/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae The Kipp Foundation, et al., in Support of Respondents - 3/26/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae National School Boards Association, et al., in Support of Respondents - 3/29/19
- Brief for Government Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief for Respondents New York Immigration Coalition, et al. - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Businesses and Business Organizations in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae Natural Resources Defense Council in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Norman Y. Mineta, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae The State of California in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Second Brief of Amici Curiae Current Members of Congress and Bipartisan Former Members of Congress in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and Twenty-Three Legal Scholars and Technical Experts in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Plaintiffs in Kravitz, et al. v. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, et al. in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae the American Statistical Association, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae The Nielsen Company (US), LLC in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Second Brief of Amicus Curiae United States House of Representatives in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae The Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of New York, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae The Arab American Institute in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae The Council of The Great City Schools in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Harris County, Texas, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Civil Rights, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc. in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Lawyers for Civil Rights, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae 190 Bipartisan Elected Officials, et al., Supporting Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Former Census Bureau Directors in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Foundations and Philanthropy-Serving Organizations in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Former Federal District Judges in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae National Asian Pacific American Bar Association, et al., Supporting Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae International Municipal Lawyers Association (IMLA), et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae County of Santa Clara, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Central Valley Immigrant Integration Collaborative, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Legal Services NYC, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae John R. Dunne, et al., for Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Common Cause, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Historians and Social Scientists Margo Anderson, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae The City of San Jose and the Black Alliance for Just Immigration in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae Nicholas Bagley, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae National Council of Nonprofits, et al., in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amicus Curiae The California Legislature in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Brief of Amici Curiae LatinoJustice PRLDEF and Fifteen Other Organizations in Support of Respondents - 4/1/19
- Reply Brief for the Petitioners - 4/16/19
- Letter from Respondents - 5/30/19
- Letter from Petitioners - 6/3/19
- Letter from Respondents - 6/5/19
- NYIC Respondents' Motion for Limited Remand - 6/12/19
- Letter from Respondents - 6/24/19
- Letter from Petitioners - 6/25/19
- Second Letter from Petitioners - 6/25/19
- Letter from Respondents - 6/25/19
- Joint Letter from Respondents - 6/26/19
- Opinion - 6/27/19